Mut’ah di India:
Kes Shah Bano [siri 1]
Sebelum ujudnya
Undang-Undang Khas yang berjudul The Muslim Women
(Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act 1986 kedudukan
undang-undang keluarga Islam [mengenai mut’ah] ada ditafsirkan dan dijelaskan
oleh Mahkamah Agung India dalam kes MOHD AHMED KHAN v SHAH BANO BEGUM & ORS (nama kes ini juga hanya dirujuk atau di
sebut secara ringkas sebagai kes ‘Shah Bano’ sahaja).
Kes Shah Bano ini
menjelaskan bahawa undang-undang yang terpakai di India mengenai pembayaran
oleh suami kepada bekas isterinya yang telah diceraikan adalah tertakluk
sepenuhnya kepada peruntukan seksyen 125 Criminal Procedure Code 1973 (India). Di putuskan oleh Mahkamah Agung dalam kes
ini bahawa Kanun ini adalah merupakan undang-undang umum/am dan dengan itu terpakai
kepada semua orang di India tanpa mengira apajua anutan agama dan kanun ini
juga tiada kaitan hubungan dengan mana-mana undang-undang peribadi/diri
pihak-pihak yang terlibat. Semua pihak/orang adalah sama serta tertakluk kepada
peruntukan kanun tersebut.
Kes Shah Bano itu
juga menafsirkan dan memutuskan bahawa peruntukan seksyen 125 itu adalah selari
pula dengan Hukum Syariat Islam.
Kes Shah Bano ini
banyak dipertikaikan dan diulaskan termasuk di dalam negeri India sendiri.
Komen mengenai alasan penghakiman kes ini akan di kemukakan di posting yang
lain dalam blog ini kelak.
Untuk posting
kali ini dan sebaga siri 1 kes Shah Bano tersebut di kemukakan di bawah ini
headnote kes tersebut. Posting saya dalam siri 2 kes Shah Bano akan
mengemukakan pula alasan penghakiman kes tersebut oleh Hakim CHANDRACHUD, Y.V.
(CJ).
Selamat membaca.
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| Judges Library |
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MOHD AHMED KHAN v SHAH BANO BEGUM & ORS [1985] RD-SC 99
(23 April 1985)
CHANDRACHUD,
Y.V. (CJ) MISRA RANGNATH DESAI, D.A. REDDY, O. CHINNAPPA (J) VENKATARAMIAH,
E.S. (J)
CITATION: 1985
AIR 945 1985 SCR (3) 844 1985 SCC (2) 556 1985 SCALE (1)767 CITATOR INFO: F
1986 SC 587 (4) RF 1987 SC1103 (10) D 1988 SC 644 (5,6) ACT:
Muslim Personal Law - Concept of divorce -
Whether on the pronouncements of "talaq" and on the expiry of the
period of iddat a divorced wife ceases to be a wife.
Code of Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 (Act
II of 1974) Sections 125(1) (a) and Explanation (b) thereunder, Section 125 (3)
and the Explanation, under the proviso thereto and section 127 (3) (b), scope
and interpretation of - Correctness of three Judges.'
Bench decision reported in (1979) 2 SCR 75
and (1980) 3 SCR 1127 to the effect that section 125 of the code applies to
Muslims and divorced Muslim wife is entitled to maintenance - Whether there is
any conflict between the provisions of section 125 and that of the Muslim
Personal Law on the liability of the Muslim husband to provide for the
maintenance of his divorced wife.
Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, section
127 (3) (b) read with section 2 of the Shariat Act XXVI of 1937-Whether section
127 (3) (b) debars payment of maintenance to a divorced wife, once the Mahar or
dower is paid - Whether the liability of the husband to maintain a divorced
wife is limited to the period of "iddat" Nature of Mahr or dower - Whether
Mehr is maintenance.
HEADNOTE:
Under section
125 (1) (a), if any person, having sufficient means neglects or refuses to
maintain his wife, unable to maintain herself, a Magistrate of the first class
may, upon proof of such neglect or refusal order such person to make a monthly
allowance for the maintenance of his wife at such monthly rate not exceeding
five hundred rupees in the whole.
Under
Explanation (b) thereunder ' wife" includes a woman who has been divorced
by, or has obtained a divorce from her husband and has not remarried.
Under the
explanation below sub section 3 of section 125, if a husband has contracted
marriage with another woman or keeps a mistress it shall be considered to be a
just ground for his wife's refusal to live with him. Keeping this in view, if
in the trial arising out of 845 an application made under section 125, and if
the husband offers to maintain his wife on condition of living with him, the
Magistrate may consider any of the grounds of the wife's refusal to live with
her husband before ordering the maintenance.
Under section
127 (3) (b), the Magistrate shall cancel the order passed by him under section
125, in favour of a woman who has been divorced by, or has obtained a divorce
from her husband if the woman who has been divorced by her husband has received,
whether before or after the date of the said order, the whole of the sum,
which, under any customary or personal law applicable to the parties was
payable on such divorce.
The appellant,
who is an advocate by profession, was married to the respondent in 1932. Three sons
and two daughters were born of that marriage In 1975, the appellant drove the
respondent out of the matrimonial home.
In April 1978,
the respondent filed a petition against the appellant under section 125 of the
Code of Criminal Procedure, in the Court of the Judicial Magistrate (First
class) Indore, asking for maintenance at the rate of Rs. 500 per month, in view
of the professional income of the appellant which was about Rs. 60,000 per
annum.
On November 6,
1978, the appellant divorced the respondent by an irrevocable "talaq"
and took up the defence that she had ceased to be his wife by reason of the
divorce granted by him; that he was, therefore, under no obligation to provide
maintenance for her; that he had already paid maintenance for her at the rate
of Rs. 200 per month for about two years, and that, he had deposited a sum of
Rs. 3,000 in the court by way of "dower or Mahr" during the period of
"iddat".
In August
1979, the Magistrate directed the appellant to pay a princely sum of Rs. 25 per
month to the respondent by way of maintenance.
In a
revisional application filed by the respondent the High Court of Madhya Pradesh
enhanced the amount of maintenance to Rs. 179.20 per month.
Hence the appeal
by special leave by the husband.
The view taken
in the earlier two three Judges' Benches of the Supreme Court presided over by
Krishna Iyer, J. and reported in [1979] 2 SCR 75, and [1980] 3 SCR 1127, to the
effect that section 125 of the Code applies to Muslims also and that therefore,
the divorced Muslim wife is entitled to apply for maintenance was doubted, by
the Bench consisting of Fazal Ali and Varadarajan, JJ., since in their opinion
the said decisions required reconsideration by a larger Bench consisting of
more than three judges as the decisions are not only in direct contravention of
the plain and unambiguous language of section 127 (3) (b) of the Code which far
from overriding the Muslim law on the subject protects and applies the same in
case where a wife has been divorced by the husband and the dower specified has
been paid and the period of iddat has been observed but also militates against
the fundamental concept of divorce by the husband and its consequences under
the Muslim law which has been expressly protected by section 2 of the Muslim
Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act, 1937 - an Act which was not noticed in
the said two decisions.
Dismissing the
appeals, the Court Held: Per
Chandrachud, C.J.:
1. The Judgments of the Supreme Court in Bai
Tahira (Krishna lyer, J., Tulzapurkar, J. and Pathak, J.) and Fazlunbi (Krishna
Iyer, J, Chinnappa 846 Reddy, J. and A.P. Sen, J.) are correct, except to the
extent that the statement at page 80 of the report in Bal Tahira made in
the context of section 127 (3) (b) namely, "payment of Mahr money, as a
customary discharge is within the cognizance of that provision". Justice
Krishna Iyer who spoke for the Court in both these cases, relied greatly on the
teleological and schematic method of interpretation 90 as to advance the
purpose of the law. These constructional techniques have their own importance
in the interpretation of statutes meant to ameliorate the conditions of
suffering sections of the society. A divorced Muslim wife is, therefore,
entitled to apply for maintenance under section 125 of the Code. [865H, 866A-C]
2.1 Clause (b) of the Explanation to
section 125 (1) of the Code, which defines "wife" as including a
divorced wife, contains no words of limitation to justify the exclusion of
Muslim women from its scope. Wife, means a wife as defined, irrespective of the
religion professed by her or by her husband. Therefore, a divorced Muslim woman
so long as she has not married, is a wife for the purpose of section 125. [855A-B:
854B]
2.2 Under section 488 of the Code of 1898,
the wife's right to maintenance depended upon the continuance of her married
status. Therefore, that right could be defeated by the husband by divorcing her
unilaterally as under the Muslim Personal Law, or by obtaining a decree of
divorce against her under the other systems of law. It was in order to remove
this hardship that the Joint Committee recommended that the benefit of the
provisions regarding maintenance should be extended to a divorced woman, so
long as she has not re married after the divorce. That is the genesis of clause
(b) of the Explanation to section 125 (I). Section 125 of the Code is truly secular
in character. Section 125 was enacted in order to provide a quick and summary
remedy to a class of persons who are unable to maintain themselves.
Whether the spouses are Hindus or Muslims,
Christians or Parsis, Pagans or Heathens, is wholly irrelevant in the
application of these-provisions. The reason for this is axiomatic, in the sense
that section 125 is a part of the Code of Criminal Procedure not of the Civil
Laws which define and govern the rights and obligations of the parties
belonging to particular relations, like the Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance
Act, The Shariat, or the Parsi Matrimonial Act. It would make no difference as
to what ii the religion professed by the neglected wife, child or parent.
[834D-E: 855E-G]
2.3 Neglect by a person of sufficient
means to maintain these and the inability of these persons to maintain
themselves are the objective criteria which determine the applicability of
section 125. Such provisions, which are essentially of a prophylactic nature,
cut across the barriers of religion. True that they do not supplant the
personal law of the parties but, equally, the religion professed by the parties
or the state of the personal law by which they are governed, cannot have any
repercussion on the applicability of such laws unless, within the framework of
the Constitution, their application is restricted to a defined category of
religious groups or classes The liability imposed by section 125 to maintain
close relatives who are indigent is founded upon the individuals' obligation to
the society to prevent vagrancy and destitution. That is the moral edict of the
law and morality cannot be clubbed with relation. [834G-Hl
That the right conferred by section 125
can be exercised irrespective of the personal law of the parties, is fortified,
especially in regard to Muslims, by the provision contained in the Explanation
to the second proviso to section 125 (3) of the Code. The explanation confers
upon the wife the right to refuse to live with her husband if he contracts
another marriage leave alone, three or four other marriages, which a Mohammedan
may have under the Islamic law. Further it shows unmistakably, that section
125 overrides the personal law, if there is any conflict between the two
[836B-C,F-G] Jagir Kaur v. Jaswant Singh [1964] 2 SCR 73,84, Nanak
Chand v. Shri Chandra Kishore Agarwala [1970] I SCR 56C applied.
3.1 The contention that, according to
Muslim Personal Law the husband's liability to provide for the maintenance of
his divorced wife is limited to the period of iddat despite the fact that she
is unable to maintain herself cannot be accepted, since that law does not
contemplate or countenance the situation envisaged by section 125 of the Code.
Whether a husband is liable to maintain his
wife, which includes a divorced wife, in all circumstances, and at all events
is not the subject matter of section 125. Section 125 deals with cases in which
a person who is possessed of sufficient means neglects or refuses to maintain
amongst others, his wife who is unable to maintain herself. [838H, 851A-B]
3.2 One must have regard to the entire
conspectus of the Muslim Personal Law in order to determine the extent, both in
quantum and in duration, of the husband's liability to provide for the maintenance
of an indigent wife who has been divorced by him. Under that law, the husband
is bound to pay Mahr to the wife as a mark of respect to her. True, that he may
settle any amount he likes by way of dower upon his wife, which cannot be less
than 10 Dirhams which is equivalent to three or four rupees. But one must have
regard to the realities of life. Mahr is a mark of respect to the wife. The sum
settled by way of Mahr is generally expected to take care of the ordinary
requirements of the wife, during the marriage and after. But these provisions
of the Muslim Personal Law do not countenance cases in which the wife is unable
to maintain herself after the divorce. The application of those statements of
law to the contrary in text-books on Muslim Law must be restricted to that
class of cases, in which there is no possibility of vagrancy or destitution
arising out of the indigence of the divorced wife. [858D-G]
3.3 The true position is that, if the
divorced wife is able to maintain herself, the husband's liability to provide
maintenance for her ceases with the expiration of the period of iddat. If she
is unable to maintain herself, she is entitled to take recourse to section 125
of the Code. Thus there is no conflict between the provisions of section
125 and those of the Muslim Personal Law on the question of the Muslim
husband's obligation to provide maintenance for a divorced wife who is unable
to maintain herself. Aiyat No. 241 and 242 of 'the Holy Koran' fortify that the
Holy Koran imposed an obligation on the Muslim husband to make provision for or
to provide maintenance to the divorced wife. The contrary argument does less
than justice to the teachings of Koran. [859C-D; 862C-D]
3.4 Mahr is not the amount payable by the
husband to the wife on divorce and therefore, does not fall within the meaning
of section 127 (3) (b) of the Code and the facile answer of the All India
Muslim Law Board that the Personal Law has devised the system of Mahr to meet
the requirements of women and if a woman is indigent, she must look to her
relations, including nephews and cousins, to support her is a most unreasonable
view of law as well as of life. [863E-F, 866E-F]
3.5 It is true under the Muslim Personal Law,
the amount of Mahr is usually split into two parts, one of which is called
'prompt" which is payable on demand, and the other is called
"deferred", which is payable on the dissolution of the marriage by
death or by divorce. But, the fact that deferred Mahr is payable at the time of
the dissolution of marriage, cannot justify that it is payable 'on divorce' even
assuming that, in a given case, the entire amount of Mahr is of the deferred
variety payable on the dissolution of marriage by divorce, it cannot be said
that it is an amount which is payable on divorce. [863B-D]
3.6 Divorce may be a convenient or
identifiable point of time at which the deferred amount has to be paid by the
husband to the wife. But, the payment of the amount is not occasioned by the
divorce, which is what is meant by the expression 'on divorce', which occurs in
section 127 (3) (b) of the Code. If Mahr is an amount which the wife is
entitled to receive from the husband in consideration of the marriage, that is
the very opposite of the amount being payable in consideration of divorce.
Divorce dissolves the marriage. Therefore. no amount which is payable in
consideration of the marriage can possibly be described as an amount payable in
consideration of divorce. The alternative premise that Mahr is an obligation
imposed upon the husband as a mark of respect for the wife, is wholly
detrimental to the stance that it is an amount payable to the wife on divorce. A
man may marry a woman for love, looks, learning or nothing at all. And, he may
settle a sum upon her as a mark of respect for her. But he does not divorce her
as a mark of respect. Therefore, a sum payable to the wife out of respect
cannot be a sum payable on divorce'.
Thus, the payment of Mahr may be deferred
to a future date as, for example, death or divorce. But, that does not mean
that the payment of the deferred dower is occasioned by these events. [863D-G]
Similarly, the provision contained in section 127 (3) (b) may have been
introduced because of the misconception that dower is an amount payable 'on
divorce.' But, that again cannot convert an amount payable as a mark of respect
for the wife into an amount payable on divorce. [863H] Hamira Bibi v.
Zubaida Bibi, 43 Indian Appeal 294; Syed Sabir Hussain v. Farzand Hasan,
65 Indian Appeal 119 and 127 referred to.
OBSERVATION
(Article 44 of our Constitution has
remained a dead letter. There is no evidence of any official activity for
framing a common civil code for the country. A common Civil Code will help the
cause of national integration by removing disparate loyalties to laws which
have conflicting ideologies. It is the State which in-charged with the duty of
securing a uniform civil code for the citizens of the country and,
unquestionably, it has the legislative competence to do so. A beginning has to
be made if the Constitution is to have any meaning. Inevitably, the role of the
reformer has to be assumed by the courts because, it is beyond the endurance of
sensitive minds to allow injustice to be suffered when it is so palpable. But
piecemeal attempts of courts to bridge the gap between personal laws cannot
take the place of a common Civil Code. Justice to all is a far more
satisfactory way of dispensing justice than justice from case to case.)
CRIMINAL
APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeal No. 103 of 1981. From the Judgment and
Order dated 1.7.1980 of the Madhya Pradesh High Court in Crl. Revision No. 320
of 1979.
Counsels:
- P. Govindan Nair, Ashok Mahajan, Mrs.
Kriplani, Ms. Sangeeta and S.K Gambhir for the Appellant.
- Danial Latifi Nafess Ahmad Siddiqui, S.N.
Singh and T.N.Singh for the Respondents.
- Mohd.
Yunus Salim and Shakeel Ahmed for Muslim Personal Law Board.
- S.T.
Desai and S.A. Syed for the Intervener Jamat – Ulema Hind.
